{
    "schemaVersion": 1,
    "language": "en",
    "numberOfItems": 36,
    "items": [
        {
            "id": "societe-francaise",
            "title": "Check a French company",
            "description": "Compare identifier, registration and published notices rather than relying on a trade name.",
            "limit": "Matching registers document filings, not necessarily today’s actual operations.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Match SIREN, relevant establishment and event date; retain each document identifier.",
                "conflict": "If addresses differ, check dates and legal-unit versus establishment level before concluding there are two companies.",
                "deliverable": "Table linking identifiers and notices."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "annuaire",
                    "name": "Annuaire des Entreprises",
                    "url": "https://annuaire-entreprises.data.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=annuaire&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "inpi",
                    "name": "DATA INPI",
                    "url": "https://data.inpi.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=inpi&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "bodacc",
                    "name": "BODACC",
                    "url": "https://www.bodacc.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=bodacc&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "verifier-entreprise",
                "rapprocher-entites"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=societe-francaise&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "regle-applicable",
            "title": "Find the applicable rule",
            "description": "Separate French and EU law, then record the version in force on the relevant date.",
            "limit": "A current consolidated text or summary does not replace the version applicable to the period.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Fix territory, facts and relevant date; link the article to its act and version.",
                "conflict": "If texts differ, separate effective dates, amendments and French versus European scope.",
                "deliverable": "Version note with passages and effective dates."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "legifrance",
                    "name": "Légifrance",
                    "url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=legifrance&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "eurlex",
                    "name": "EUR-Lex",
                    "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=eurlex&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lecture-decisions-publiques",
                "normaliser-dates-sources"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=regle-applicable&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "marche-public",
            "title": "Explore a public tender",
            "description": "Start with the TED notice, then seek relevant European or French public data for context.",
            "limit": "A notice, dataset and performed contract are three different things.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link procedure, buyer and lot; identify the distribution used for context.",
                "conflict": "Sector data does not correct a notice: keep statistical context and contract stage separate.",
                "deliverable": "Procedure record and contextual sources."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "ted",
                    "name": "TED — Tenders Electronic Daily",
                    "url": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=ted&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "europa-data",
                    "name": "data.europa.eu",
                    "url": "https://data.europa.eu/en",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=europa-data&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "datagouv",
                    "name": "data.gouv.fr",
                    "url": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=datagouv&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-avis-marche-public",
                "lire-catalogue-donnees"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=marche-public&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "nom-innovation",
            "title": "Explore a name or invention",
            "description": "Search relevant trademark collections, then distinguish patents from commercial signs.",
            "limit": "A filing alone establishes neither current validity nor freedom to operate.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Separate sign, holder and invention; record office, number, class and territory.",
                "conflict": "A namesake trademark and patent remain distinct; check holders and dates.",
                "deliverable": "Map of separate rights and documented relationships."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "wipo",
                    "name": "WIPO Global Brand Database",
                    "url": "https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-brand-database",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=wipo&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "inpi",
                    "name": "DATA INPI",
                    "url": "https://data.inpi.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=inpi&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "espacenet",
                    "name": "Espacenet",
                    "url": "https://www.epo.org/en/searching-for-patents/technical/espacenet",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=espacenet&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-dossier-brevet",
                "fiche-entite"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=nom-innovation&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "presence-web",
            "title": "Reconstruct a web presence",
            "description": "Compare current domain registration with archived versions of a precise page.",
            "limit": "Domain registrant and content author may differ; captures remain partial.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Keep exact domain, page URL and capture timestamp; separate current observations from archives.",
                "conflict": "A registrant change does not automatically date authorship changes; seek dated attribution.",
                "deliverable": "Timeline of observations and captures."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "icann",
                    "name": "ICANN Lookup",
                    "url": "https://lookup.icann.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=icann&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "wayback",
                    "name": "Wayback Machine",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=wayback&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-archive-web",
                "qualification-sources-osint"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=presence-web&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "image-changement",
            "title": "Locate an image or change",
            "description": "Compare map landmarks, satellite acquisitions and observation layers with their dates.",
            "limit": "Views with different resolutions and processing cannot be treated as identical photographs.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Align extent, acquisition date and resolution; record layers and processing.",
                "conflict": "If colours change, check palette, clouds and season before inferring physical change.",
                "deliverable": "Dated comparison of products and settings."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "cartes",
                    "name": "cartes.gouv.fr",
                    "url": "https://cartes.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=cartes&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "copernicus",
                    "name": "Copernicus Browser",
                    "url": "https://browser.dataspace.copernicus.eu/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=copernicus&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "worldview",
                    "name": "NASA Worldview",
                    "url": "https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=worldview&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "verification-images-publiques",
                "controler-coordonnees-geographiques"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=image-changement&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "projet-europeen",
            "title": "Contextualise an EU research project",
            "description": "Find the project and deliverables in CORDIS, then select Eurostat statistics by dataset code and period for context.",
            "limit": "Sector statistics do not measure project success; a deliverable is not necessarily a product.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link project identifier, deliverable and period; define the contextual statistical series separately.",
                "conflict": "Sector trends do not establish project effects; seek evaluation and its method.",
                "deliverable": "Deliverable dossier and contextual indicators."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "eurostat",
                    "name": "Eurostat · Data Browser",
                    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/data",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=eurostat&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "cordis",
                    "name": "CORDIS",
                    "url": "https://cordis.europa.eu/projects",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=cordis&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "europa-data",
                    "name": "data.europa.eu",
                    "url": "https://data.europa.eu/en",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=europa-data&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-rapport-public",
                "comparer-indicateurs-publics"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=projet-europeen&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "brevet-statut",
            "title": "Trace a patent lead to its status",
            "description": "Start with an Espacenet publication, look up any relevant PCT application in PATENTSCOPE, then check the European procedure in the EPO Register.",
            "limit": "A family links publications; protection depends on each application, grant and territory.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link publication, application and priority; check territorial branch and status date.",
                "conflict": "For different statuses, check stage, office and territory before asserting withdrawal or grant.",
                "deliverable": "Procedure timeline by application and territory."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "espacenet",
                    "name": "Espacenet",
                    "url": "https://www.epo.org/en/searching-for-patents/technical/espacenet",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=espacenet&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "patentscope",
                    "name": "WIPO · PATENTSCOPE",
                    "url": "https://www.wipo.int/en/web/patentscope",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=patentscope&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "epo-register",
                    "name": "European Patent Register · EPO",
                    "url": "https://www.epo.org/en/searching-for-patents/legal/register",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=epo-register&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-dossier-brevet",
                "chronologie-signaux-publics"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=brevet-statut&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "donnees-comparables",
            "title": "Compare public data before reuse",
            "description": "Find producer and file on data.gouv.fr, examine an Insee series method, then compare EU definitions if the scope extends beyond France.",
            "limit": "Similar figures may reflect different populations, units, base years or revisions; retain both versions.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Keep producer, resource and series code; align population, unit and period.",
                "conflict": "For differing figures, check base, adjustment and revision before choosing a value.",
                "deliverable": "Table of definitions, extracts and explained differences."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "datagouv",
                    "name": "data.gouv.fr",
                    "url": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=datagouv&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "insee-series",
                    "name": "Insee · Séries chronologiques",
                    "url": "https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2865035",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=insee-series&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "eurostat",
                    "name": "Eurostat · Data Browser",
                    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/data",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=eurostat&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "decrire-dictionnaire-donnees",
                "lire-valeurs-manquantes"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=donnees-comparables&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "attribution-marche",
            "title": "Cross-check a procurement award",
            "description": "Compare the French notice with any relevant EU notice, then identify the entity by its official number.",
            "limit": "Publication and identity prove neither final signature nor successful delivery.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Match notice, procedure and lot references; identify the holder using a documented legal number.",
                "conflict": "Similar names may identify a consortium or establishment; retain each member’s role.",
                "deliverable": "Table of procedures, lots, notices and identified holders."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "boamp",
                    "name": "BOAMP",
                    "url": "https://www.boamp.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=boamp&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "ted",
                    "name": "TED — Tenders Electronic Daily",
                    "url": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=ted&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "annuaire",
                    "name": "Annuaire des Entreprises",
                    "url": "https://annuaire-entreprises.data.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=annuaire&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-avis-marche-public",
                "verifier-entreprise"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=attribution-marche&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "protection-donnees",
            "title": "Qualify a data protection rule",
            "description": "Start with the CNIL document, trace its basis in French law and examine relevant EU case law.",
            "limit": "Guidance, an individual sanction, legislation and a judgment differ in scope and effective date.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link document, cited basis and date; distinguish recommendation, sanction and judicial decision.",
                "conflict": "Different scope may reflect different facts or procedures; retain passages rather than a shared slogan.",
                "deliverable": "Note of texts, decisions and scope limits."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "cnil-decisions",
                    "name": "CNIL · Décisions",
                    "url": "https://cnil.fr/fr/textes-officiels/les-decisions-de-la-cnil",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=cnil-decisions&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "legifrance",
                    "name": "Légifrance",
                    "url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=legifrance&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "infocuria",
                    "name": "InfoCuria",
                    "url": "https://infocuria.curia.europa.eu/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=infocuria&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lecture-decisions-publiques",
                "documenter-traduction-source"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=protection-donnees&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "chronologie-documentaire",
            "title": "Reconstruct a documentary timeline",
            "description": "Locate an archival reference, consult a digitised edition and date versions of a web page.",
            "limit": "An inventory, historical publication and web capture are different witnesses; gaps do not prove an event never occurred.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Separate production, edition, digitisation and capture dates; link archival reference and exact page.",
                "conflict": "If OCR conflicts with the image, keep the faulty transcription and cite the checked view without silently rewriting the archive.",
                "deliverable": "Item timeline with views and disclosed corrections."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "archives-nationales",
                    "name": "Archives nationales · Salle de lecture virtuelle",
                    "url": "https://www.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/premiere-recherche",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=archives-nationales&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "gallica",
                    "name": "Gallica · BnF",
                    "url": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=gallica&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "wayback",
                    "name": "Wayback Machine",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=wayback&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "controler-ocr-document",
                "normaliser-dates-sources"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=chronologie-documentaire&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "indicateur-pays",
            "title": "Compare an indicator across countries",
            "description": "Set population, period and definition; record the OECD series, open the World Bank entry, then check the producer of the UN System Data Commons table.",
            "limit": "Three portals may reuse one producer or different methods. Keep codes, units, versions and dates before ranking.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Align indicator code, population, unit and territory; find each portal’s original producer.",
                "conflict": "Do not average conflicting figures: compare definitions, vintages and reuse of one source.",
                "deliverable": "Matrix of series and origins."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "oecd-explorer",
                    "name": "OECD Data Explorer",
                    "url": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=oecd-explorer&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "worldbank-data",
                    "name": "World Bank Open Data",
                    "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=worldbank-data&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "undata",
                    "name": "UN System Data Commons",
                    "url": "https://data.un.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=undata&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "comparer-indicateurs-publics",
                "comparer-perimetres-geographiques"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=indicateur-pays&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "reference-scientifique",
            "title": "Check a scholarly reference",
            "description": "Find the work by title and DOI in OpenAlex, compare the Crossref deposit, then open the publication at its publisher or repository.",
            "limit": "A citation, DOI or aggregated affiliation proves neither study quality nor that the consulted version is the published one.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Match DOI, title, authors and version; open the publication, not only its record.",
                "conflict": "For different years or titles, check online publication, edition and corrections before merging.",
                "deliverable": "Checked record and passage from the read version."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "openalex",
                    "name": "OpenAlex",
                    "url": "https://openalex.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=openalex&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "crossref-search",
                    "name": "Crossref Metadata Search",
                    "url": "https://search.crossref.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=crossref-search&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "verifier-reference-scientifique",
                "verifier-statut-publication"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=reference-scientifique&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "indicateur-sante",
            "title": "Compare a health indicator",
            "description": "Define the indicator and population, open the WHO series, then check original producer and available years in the other portals.",
            "limit": "Three interfaces may reuse one estimate; record definition, revision and denominator before inferring a difference.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Identify population, unit, period and whether values are observed or estimated.",
                "conflict": "Crude and standardised rates are not a disagreement to resolve by portal preference.",
                "deliverable": "Table of definitions and denominators."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "who-gho",
                    "name": "WHO · Global Health Observatory",
                    "url": "https://www.who.int/data/gho/gho",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=who-gho&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "worldbank-data",
                    "name": "World Bank Open Data",
                    "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=worldbank-data&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "undata",
                    "name": "UN System Data Commons",
                    "url": "https://data.un.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=undata&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "comparer-indicateurs-publics",
                "lire-valeurs-manquantes"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=indicateur-sante&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "statistique-education",
            "title": "Compare an education statistic",
            "description": "Record the UIS definition, then compare World Bank and OECD series for the same ages, countries and years.",
            "limit": "Differences may reflect scope, school year or estimation; do not rank countries without these details.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Align education level, age, school year and unit; retain definition codes.",
                "conflict": "Different calendar and school years need a note, not a silent shift of values.",
                "deliverable": "Table of school periods and populations."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "unesco-uis",
                    "name": "UNESCO UIS · Data Browser",
                    "url": "https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=unesco-uis&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "worldbank-data",
                    "name": "World Bank Open Data",
                    "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=worldbank-data&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "oecd-explorer",
                    "name": "OECD Data Explorer",
                    "url": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=oecd-explorer&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "comparer-indicateurs-publics",
                "lire-valeurs-manquantes"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=statistique-education&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "taux-emploi",
            "title": "Read an international employment rate",
            "description": "Fix age group, sex and employment definition; compare the ILOSTAT entry with OECD and World Bank series.",
            "limit": "A modelled estimate and a national survey are not interchangeable; state the method behind each figure.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Align age range, sex, definition, frequency and seasonal adjustment.",
                "conflict": "Survey and modelled estimates may differ; keep methods rather than choosing a value without justification.",
                "deliverable": "Compared series with methods and breaks."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "ilostat",
                    "name": "ILOSTAT",
                    "url": "https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=ilostat&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "oecd-explorer",
                    "name": "OECD Data Explorer",
                    "url": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=oecd-explorer&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "worldbank-data",
                    "name": "World Bank Open Data",
                    "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=worldbank-data&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "comparer-indicateurs-publics",
                "controler-rupture-serie"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=taux-emploi&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "images-zone",
            "title": "Compare imagery of an area",
            "description": "Fix area and dates, open USGS and Copernicus scenes, then use NASA Worldview to place the change in context.",
            "limit": "Sensors, resolution, cloud cover and processing differ; similar colors do not prove identical ground conditions.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Keep scene, collection, extent, acquisition and cloud mask for each product.",
                "conflict": "Different processing or resolution prevents direct attribution of pixel differences to an event.",
                "deliverable": "Scene and parameter comparison plan."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "usgs-earthexplorer",
                    "name": "USGS EarthExplorer",
                    "url": "https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=usgs-earthexplorer&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "copernicus",
                    "name": "Copernicus Browser",
                    "url": "https://browser.dataspace.copernicus.eu/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=copernicus&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "worldview",
                    "name": "NASA Worldview",
                    "url": "https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=worldview&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "verification-images-publiques",
                "controler-coordonnees-geographiques"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=images-zone&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "infrastructure-domaine",
            "title": "Connect a domain to its infrastructure",
            "description": "Record domain and date, compare ICANN registration data with RIPEstat routing, then inspect archived captures.",
            "limit": "A host, ASN or capture does not automatically identify the publisher or owner of content.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Date domain, registration response and network observation; separate domain, IP and ASN.",
                "conflict": "Shared services or hosting changes do not alone identify a common publisher.",
                "deliverable": "Timeline of technical links and identity evidence."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "ripestat",
                    "name": "RIPEstat",
                    "url": "https://stat.ripe.net/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=ripestat&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "icann",
                    "name": "ICANN Lookup",
                    "url": "https://lookup.icann.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=icann&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "wayback",
                    "name": "Wayback Machine",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=wayback&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "qualification-sources-osint",
                "chronologie-signaux-publics"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=infrastructure-domaine&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "version-publication",
            "title": "Recover the version actually cited",
            "description": "Start from DOI or title, compare records, open the manuscript or publication and record its version.",
            "limit": "Two records of one work are not independent studies; retain corrections and the version read.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link DOI or local identifier to each manuscript, edition and update notice.",
                "conflict": "If passages differ, cite the read version and record corrections; do not silently replace earlier quotations.",
                "deliverable": "Table of versions and checked passages."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "crossref-search",
                    "name": "Crossref Metadata Search",
                    "url": "https://search.crossref.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=crossref-search&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "hal",
                    "name": "HAL",
                    "url": "https://hal.science/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=hal&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "europe-pmc",
                    "name": "Europe PMC",
                    "url": "https://europepmc.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=europe-pmc&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "verifier-statut-publication",
                "controler-identifiants-documentaires"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=version-publication&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "chercheurs-homonymes",
            "title": "Distinguish researchers with the same name",
            "description": "Compare ORCID identifiers, attributed works and affiliations; use ROR to identify organisations.",
            "limit": "Similar names or topics are insufficient; check affiliation at the publication date.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Compare person identifier, works and dated affiliation; use ROR for the organisation.",
                "conflict": "For incompatible works, keep assignments separate until documentary linkage is sufficient.",
                "deliverable": "Dated graph of authors, works and organisations."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "orcid",
                    "name": "ORCID",
                    "url": "https://orcid.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=orcid&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "openalex",
                    "name": "OpenAlex",
                    "url": "https://openalex.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=openalex&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "ror",
                    "name": "Research Organization Registry · ROR",
                    "url": "https://ror.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=ror&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "rapprocher-entites",
                "controler-identifiants-documentaires"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=chercheurs-homonymes&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "donnees-publication",
            "title": "Find the data behind a publication",
            "description": "Follow related identifiers, identify the repository and retain the exact dataset version, licence and analysed files.",
            "limit": "A data link does not prove files match those used in the article; compare versions.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link publication, dataset identifier, version and files; keep licence and checksum.",
                "conflict": "For revised deposits, compare dates and cited versions before asserting reproducibility.",
                "deliverable": "Lineage of publication, versions and analysed files."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "datacite",
                    "name": "DataCite Commons",
                    "url": "https://commons.datacite.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=datacite&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "zenodo",
                    "name": "Zenodo",
                    "url": "https://zenodo.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=zenodo&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "openaire",
                    "name": "OpenAIRE EXPLORE",
                    "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=openaire&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-catalogue-donnees",
                "versionner-donnees-publiques"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=donnees-publication&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "protocole-resultat",
            "title": "Compare registered protocol and published result",
            "description": "Identify the relevant registration, record its date and compare objectives, criteria and population with the results document.",
            "limit": "Not every study uses these registries; an unsuccessful search is not universal evidence of absence.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Compare study identifier, dates, goals, population and outcomes before and after publication.",
                "conflict": "A change is not automatically misconduct: record timing, justification and affected results.",
                "deliverable": "Table of protocol, changes and results."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "osf",
                    "name": "Open Science Framework · OSF",
                    "url": "https://osf.io/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=osf&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "clinicaltrials",
                    "name": "ClinicalTrials.gov",
                    "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=clinicaltrials&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "pubmed",
                    "name": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=pubmed&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-registre-essai-clinique",
                "verifier-statut-publication"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=protocole-resultat&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "revue-article",
            "title": "Check a journal and a specific article",
            "description": "Compare title, ISSN, publisher and official domain; locate the article through DOI or PMID where available.",
            "limit": "A journal listing does not validate each article or make index coverage equivalent.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link journal title, ISSN, publisher and domain, then the article by DOI or PMID.",
                "conflict": "Separate title changes, medium and index coverage; absence alone does not establish fraud.",
                "deliverable": "Journal and article record with checked versions."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "doaj",
                    "name": "Directory of Open Access Journals · DOAJ",
                    "url": "https://doaj.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=doaj&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "crossref-search",
                    "name": "Crossref Metadata Search",
                    "url": "https://search.crossref.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=crossref-search&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "pubmed",
                    "name": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=pubmed&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "verifier-reference-scientifique",
                "verifier-statut-publication"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=revue-article&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "objet-cartographique",
            "title": "Cross-check a mapped feature",
            "description": "Identify the feature and coordinates, compare public layers and select a satellite acquisition for the relevant date.",
            "limit": "Coordinates, map update and acquisition are different references; record their respective precision.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link object identifier, geometry, layer and date; document reference system before overlay.",
                "conflict": "For different positions, check precision and point versus boundary before inferring actual movement.",
                "deliverable": "Table of objects, coordinates, layers and dates."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "openstreetmap",
                    "name": "OpenStreetMap",
                    "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=openstreetmap&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "cartes",
                    "name": "cartes.gouv.fr",
                    "url": "https://cartes.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=cartes&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "copernicus",
                    "name": "Copernicus Browser",
                    "url": "https://browser.dataspace.copernicus.eu/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=copernicus&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "controler-coordonnees-geographiques",
                "comparer-perimetres-geographiques"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=objet-cartographique&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "contrat-federal",
            "title": "Follow a US federal contract lead",
            "description": "Start from the notice, seek an award in published spending and consult EDGAR only where the issuer is relevant.",
            "limit": "Notices, awards, payments and company disclosures differ in scope; do not merge by name alone.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link procedure and award references, recipient, agency, fiscal year and amount type.",
                "conflict": "EDGAR filings may describe another period or aggregate; do not force contract-to-revenue matching.",
                "deliverable": "Table of notice, award, amount and filing."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "sam",
                    "name": "SAM.gov · Contract opportunities",
                    "url": "https://sam.gov/opportunities",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=sam&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "usaspending",
                    "name": "USAspending.gov",
                    "url": "https://www.usaspending.gov/search",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=usaspending&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "edgar",
                    "name": "SEC EDGAR",
                    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/search-filings",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=edgar&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-avis-marche-public",
                "convertir-montants-publics"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=contrat-federal&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "declarations-interets",
            "title": "Compare interest-representation disclosures",
            "description": "Fix the organisation and period, compare French and EU disclosures, then check French legal identity where relevant.",
            "limit": "Obligations and coverage differ; absence from a register does not establish absence of lobbying activity.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Align declarant, year and role; separate represented organisation from target institution.",
                "conflict": "For missing registration, check scope and obligations, not only name variants.",
                "deliverable": "Matrix of declarants, roles and periods."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "hatvp",
                    "name": "HATVP · Répertoire des représentants d’intérêts",
                    "url": "https://www.hatvp.fr/le-repertoire/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=hatvp&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "transparency",
                    "name": "EU Transparency Register",
                    "url": "https://transparency-register.europa.eu/search-register_en",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=transparency&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "annuaire",
                    "name": "Annuaire des Entreprises",
                    "url": "https://annuaire-entreprises.data.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=annuaire&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "cartographie-acteurs-publics",
                "verifier-entreprise"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=declarations-interets&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "identite-internationale",
            "title": "Reconcile an international identity",
            "description": "Match LEI to national registry, registration authority and number before examining relationships.",
            "limit": "LEI status, entity status and reported relationship are separate; a reporting exception does not mean no parent exists.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Match LEI, jurisdiction, authority and national number; date reported relationships.",
                "conflict": "Different transliteration or lapsed LEI does not justify a new entity without registry checks.",
                "deliverable": "Identity graph and dated relationships."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "gleif",
                    "name": "GLEIF — Global LEI Index",
                    "url": "https://search.gleif.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=gleif&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "bris",
                    "name": "European e-Justice · Find a company",
                    "url": "https://e-justice.europa.eu/topics/registers-business-insolvency-land/business-registers-search-company-eu/general-information-find-company_en",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=bris&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "companies-house",
                    "name": "Companies House",
                    "url": "https://company-information.service.gov.uk/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=companies-house&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "rapprocher-entites",
                "verifier-entreprise"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=identite-internationale&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "preparation-loi",
            "title": "From legislative preparation to applicable text",
            "description": "Start with the legislative dossier, find the published act and check the version for the studied date.",
            "limit": "An impact study or commentary explains a choice; it does not replace the effective provision.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link proposal, preparatory dossier, adopted act and dated provision actually cited.",
                "conflict": "Preparatory intent does not replace adopted text; retain the difference and change date.",
                "deliverable": "Chain of dossier, act and applicable version."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "vie-publique",
                    "name": "Vie-publique — dossiers législatifs et rapports",
                    "url": "https://www.vie-publique.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=vie-publique&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "legifrance",
                    "name": "Légifrance",
                    "url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=legifrance&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lecture-decisions-publiques",
                "documenter-traduction-source"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=preparation-loi&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "association-annonces",
            "title": "Link an association and its notices",
            "description": "Start with RNA, check JOAFE events and match SIREN or SIRET only when documented.",
            "limit": "RNA and JOAFE may derive from one declaration; an old notice does not prove current activity.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link RNA, name, seat and notices; add SIREN only when documented.",
                "conflict": "Namesakes or organisations outside RNA coverage stay separate; seek the competent registry instead of inventing an identifier.",
                "deliverable": "Association record and notice timeline."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "rna",
                    "name": "Répertoire national des associations — RNA",
                    "url": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-national-des-associations",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=rna&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "joafe",
                    "name": "JOAFE — associations et fondations",
                    "url": "https://www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr/pages/associations-recherche/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=joafe&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "annuaire",
                    "name": "Annuaire des Entreprises",
                    "url": "https://annuaire-entreprises.data.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=annuaire&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "verifier-association",
                "rapprocher-entites"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=association-annonces&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "tva-identite",
            "title": "Check VAT and identity separately",
            "description": "Keep a dated VIES response and document the VAT number link to national registration and any LEI.",
            "limit": "Availability, validity and identity are different checks; none measures solvency.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Date VIES result, country and number; document registry and optional LEI links.",
                "conflict": "Unavailability is not invalidity; keep the technical failure and repeat a dated query.",
                "deliverable": "Validation record and separate identity evidence."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "vies",
                    "name": "VIES — validation des numéros de TVA",
                    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/vies/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=vies&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "annuaire",
                    "name": "Annuaire des Entreprises",
                    "url": "https://annuaire-entreprises.data.gouv.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=annuaire&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "gleif",
                    "name": "GLEIF — Global LEI Index",
                    "url": "https://search.gleif.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=gleif&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "verifier-numero-tva",
                "verifier-entreprise"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=tva-identite&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "autorisation-financiere",
            "title": "Scope financial authorisation",
            "description": "Choose the register by activity; retain ID, category, country and authority before checking contacts.",
            "limit": "These registers have different coverage; EBA aggregates authority reports and does not grant authorisation.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Choose activity, country, category and authority; match entity and official contacts.",
                "conflict": "Registrations in different categories do not replace each other; retain each scope limit.",
                "deliverable": "Matrix of activity, entity, authority and scope."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "regafi",
                    "name": "REGAFI — banque et assurance",
                    "url": "https://www.regafi.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=regafi&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "orias",
                    "name": "ORIAS — registre des intermédiaires",
                    "url": "https://www.orias.fr/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=orias&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "eba-register",
                    "name": "EBA — Credit Institutions Register",
                    "url": "https://www.eba.europa.eu/risk-and-data-analysis/data/registers-and-other-list-institutions/credit-institutions-register",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=eba-register&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "verifier-agrement-financier",
                "fiche-entite"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=autorisation-financiere&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "financement-projet-marche",
            "title": "Distinguish grant, project and contract",
            "description": "Identify beneficiary, year and instrument in FTS, then find a relevant CORDIS project or TED notice without forcing a match.",
            "limit": "Amounts may be represented at several levels; do not sum commitments, payments and project totals.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link recipient, instrument, project, year and currency; separate project totals and accounting entries.",
                "conflict": "If a total appears doubled, check overlap or instalments before summing.",
                "deliverable": "Table of instruments and non-overlapping amounts."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "eu-fts",
                    "name": "EU Financial Transparency System — FTS",
                    "url": "https://commission.europa.eu/about/service-standards-and-principles/transparency/funding-recipients_en",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=eu-fts&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "cordis",
                    "name": "CORDIS",
                    "url": "https://cordis.europa.eu/projects",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=cordis&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "ted",
                    "name": "TED — Tenders Electronic Daily",
                    "url": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=ted&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "convertir-montants-publics",
                "lire-avis-marche-public"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=financement-projet-marche&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "essai-publication",
            "title": "Link a registered trial to publication",
            "description": "Return from ICTRP to the original registry, keep secondary IDs and search for an article by trial ID.",
            "limit": "Two records of a trial are not two trials; completion, posted results and article remain distinct.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link primary and secondary identifiers, protocol, intervention, population and exact article.",
                "conflict": "A completed record without published results differs from negative findings; check available documents.",
                "deliverable": "Map of trial, registries and linked publications."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "who-ictrp",
                    "name": "WHO ICTRP — registre des essais",
                    "url": "https://www.who.int/tools/clinical-trials-registry-platform/the-ictrp-search-portal",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=who-ictrp&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "clinicaltrials",
                    "name": "ClinicalTrials.gov",
                    "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=clinicaltrials&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "pubmed",
                    "name": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=pubmed&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "lire-registre-essai-clinique",
                "verifier-statut-publication"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=essai-publication&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "agregats-territoriaux",
            "title": "Compare territorial aggregates",
            "description": "Link code, classification and membership to table dimensions before joining or summing.",
            "limit": "M49 and producer classifications can group areas differently; one shared region name does not establish equal coverage.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Link code, classification, members and period; do not join aggregates by name alone.",
                "conflict": "Changed membership needs constant scope or an explained break, not a label correction.",
                "deliverable": "Crosswalk of units and vintages."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "un-m49",
                    "name": "UNSD — M49",
                    "url": "https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=un-m49&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "eurostat",
                    "name": "Eurostat · Data Browser",
                    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/data",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=eurostat&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "undata",
                    "name": "UN System Data Commons",
                    "url": "https://data.un.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=undata&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "comparer-perimetres-geographiques",
                "controler-jointure-donnees"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=agregats-territoriaux&lang=en"
        },
        {
            "id": "horodatages",
            "title": "Reconcile timestamps",
            "description": "Retain each observation’s original timestamp, role and offset before converting instants to UTC.",
            "limit": "Capture or network-query time is not necessarily publication or content-modification time.",
            "detail": {
                "match": "Keep role, original text, precision and offset; convert only defined instants.",
                "conflict": "Equal instants do not establish causation; ambiguous local time stays unresolved without documented rules.",
                "deliverable": "Timeline with originals, UTC and ambiguities."
            },
            "sources": [
                {
                    "id": "iana-tz",
                    "name": "IANA — Time Zone Database",
                    "url": "https://www.iana.org/time-zones",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=iana-tz&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "wayback",
                    "name": "Wayback Machine",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=wayback&lang=en"
                },
                {
                    "id": "ripestat",
                    "name": "RIPEstat",
                    "url": "https://stat.ripe.net/",
                    "profile": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/source-publique.php?source=ripestat&lang=en"
                }
            ],
            "methods": [
                "normaliser-dates-sources",
                "chronologie-signaux-publics"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.alexis-roux.com/parcours-sources.php?parcours=horodatages&lang=en"
        }
    ]
}