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All words must match, regardless of case or accents. Search stays in the selected language.

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Guide
Two rankings for the same record
Two interfaces order results differently. In both answers, however, the retained fact comes from the same document D. The result supplier is unestablished.
Guide
Success announced, state unchanged
The assistant announces an update. The tool returned an error and the final record shows the previous value. No other successful operation is recorded.
Guide
Transliteration brings namesakes together
Two translated records show the same Latin-script name but identifiers ORG-A and ORG-B. B’s original name has not been checked.
Guide
Search Engine Optimisation / Generative Engine Optimisation
SEO concerns how search engines discover and understand a page. GEO examines its presence and citation in a generated answer. A strong search position does not guarantee accurate attribution in that answer.
Guide
Generative Engine Optimisation / LLM Optimisation
GEO concerns how an entity or content is represented in generated answers. LLMO more broadly develops the sources, formats and signals that help models retrieve, interpret and cite that information.
Guide
Large Language Model / Retrieval-Augmented Generation
An LLM is the model producing text; RAG is an architecture that supplies retrieved passages from a corpus. Adding RAG does not automatically make sources accurate, current or correctly cited.
Guide
Entity / Knowledge graph
An entity is something identifiable through attributes and links. A knowledge graph connects multiple entities and makes their relationships explicit. Verify the type, source and date of a relationship before adding it.
Guide
Provenance / Authority
Provenance traces where a claim came from and how it changed. Authority expresses how much confidence a source deserves for a particular question. An identifiable origin helps assessment but does not itself make a source reliable.
Guide
Digital due diligence / Open Source Intelligence
OSINT is a method for collecting and analysing open sources. Digital due diligence can use it to examine an organisation, asset or risk before a decision. Due diligence needs a defined scope and explicit criteria for a conclusion.
Guide
Reversibility / Digital sovereignty
Reversibility is tested when leaving a supplier or tool. Digital sovereignty is the broader ability to understand dependencies and retain choices. A theoretical export is insufficient if no one can reuse it.
Guide
Human in the loop / Decision log
HITL inserts human approval into an automated flow before selected actions. A decision log retains reasons, owners and review conditions for decisions. Approval without a record makes a system harder to explain and improve.
Guide
Structured data / Semantic HTML
Structured data describes facts explicitly using a vocabulary. Semantic HTML describes the roles of visible page elements. Both should match what readers actually see.
Guide
Cited source / Grounding
A cited source is a reference shown as support for an answer. Grounding means building the answer from identifiable sources. A displayed citation alone does not prove that every sentence follows from it.
Guide
Crawlability / Indexability
Crawlability concerns crawler access; indexability concerns technical eligibility for the index. An accessible page can remain excluded or unselected.
Guide
Robots.txt / XML sitemap
Robots.txt governs requests by compliant crawlers; a sitemap signals URLs. Neither guarantees indexing or confidentiality.
Guide
LCP / INP
LCP describes loading of the main visible content; INP describes responsiveness to interactions. Improving one does not demonstrate improvement in the other.
Guide
Field data / TBT
Field data describes real visits; TBT measures blocking in a lab test. Populations and conditions are not interchangeable.
Guide
Alternative text / Decorative image
Alternative text conveys useful information or function. A decorative image adds nothing necessary in its context and can have an empty alternative.
Guide
Accessible name / Focus order
An accessible name identifies a control; focus order organises keyboard progression. A correct label does not guarantee a logical journey.
Guide
Source independence / Corroboration
Independence concerns the origin of observations. Corroboration concerns their support for a specific claim; also check that they concern the same fact.
Guide
SIREN / SIRET
SIREN identifies a legal unit; SIRET identifies an establishment and includes its SIREN. One legal unit can therefore be linked to several establishments.
Guide
PMID / PMCID
A PMID identifies a citation record in PubMed; a PMCID identifies a full-text article in PMC. The identifiers are not interchangeable.
Guide
ORCID / ROR
ORCID identifies research contributors; ROR identifies research organisations. An affiliation links these objects without making them the same object.
Guide
Reuse licence / EXIF metadata
A licence states reuse conditions; EXIF carries embedded capture or file information. Technical metadata does not replace permission.

Choose a starting point

Choose a method

Start from a task: verify, compare, document or decide.

Check a source

Examine the origin, date, scope and limits of information.

Understand a term

Find definitions before applying a protocol.

How can I refine the search?

Start with the topic: Enter one or two specific terms: citation, CSV or provenance. Every word must be present, so a long sentence can exclude useful pages.
Broaden before filtering: Search all families first. Then select a guide, protocol or source according to the kind of answer you need.
Try different wording: Try a synonym or a term in the selected language. Quotes, OR and asterisks are not search operators.

DEEPER READING / PRACTICE

Turn internal search into a useful user journey

A query produces several close results. Reading should help to distinguish the need definition folder, detailed method and implementation tool.

Updated on 2026-10-21.

Priority checks

Formulate a specific need and then try neighboring terms. Read the descriptions and select the type of resource according to the searched step: understand, run or control.

Interpretation pitfalls

The first result is not always the best document to the context. An absence can come from the vocabulary used rather than a lack of content.

Working record to retain

A short route connects a need definition page, a guide and a checklist. Maintaining unresolved questions helps to rebuild research.

PRACTICAL CASE / WORKED EXAMPLE

A natural requirement does not match the exact title

The following case illustrates an approach to defining the need. Situations are pedagogical: they serve to examine the choices and conditions of success, without describing a fulfilled mission or announcing a guaranteed result.

Example context

A reader is looking for how to check a number, while the resources use the word indicator. The results must allow to continue despite a different formulation of the title.

Suggested approach

Try the neighboring terms and read the descriptions. Differentiate methods of calculation, comparison and verification of sources. Choose the resource that corresponds to the actually sought-by-step.

Conclusion and next step

Research becomes a path of solution. The questions still open serve to clarify the next query instead of multiplying the words without clear intention.

Questions for deeper practice

How do you improve a search without losing the initial need?

Keep the starting question and then specify the object, operation and resource type. Useful results give a complementary vocabulary, but their title should not automatically replace the reader's target.

DETAILED WORKSHOP / APPLICATION

Refine a query for the task to carry out

01 / Prepare the necessary information
Describe the initial question and the desired result. Identify the object, operation and type of resource that could help: file, method or tool.
02 / Carry out the approach
Try a formulation and read the descriptions. Release the useful terms and test the variants without giving up the intention. Compare the resources found according to their contribution to the route.
03 / Examine an alternative situation
If the results are close but too general, specify the operation or scope. A well-classed page is not necessarily the one that meets the searched step.
04 / Decide on the next step
Research is useful when it leads to a resource whose response can be identified. Open questions are used to prepare for the next consultation.
05 / Hand over the verification records
Keep a short track with request, resource and supplement. The reader can restart his work without repaired the tests that have led to useful content.

ANNOTATED WORKING DOCUMENT / REVIEW GRID

A track record from a request

The note retains question, tried formulations, useful results and next resource. It distinguishes the exploration vocabulary from the initial goal of the reader.

On a small screen, scroll the grid horizontally to read all three columns.

Example situations to assess
Observation	Supported interpretation	Next step
A resource responds to the desired operation.	The result can serve as a useful step in the course.	Keep the passage and choose the necessary supplement.
The results remain general despite the good topic.	The request must specify action, object or scope.	Try an appropriate formulation without losing the initial question.
The first result has the word but not the answer.	The presence of the term does not prove its relevance.	Read the descriptions and compare the contribution of resources.

Reviewing the working document

The final verification verifies that each step reduces an open question. A link list is not yet a useful path if the reader cannot explain what each page brings.

REPORTING / EXAMPLE WORDING

Presentation of results: Turn internal search into a useful user journey

Point to clarify

A search result must be judged according to its contribution to the searched operation.

Before handing over

Check that the track keeps the initial question despite the vocabulary variants.

Example of a qualified conclusion

The resource selected meets the described stage of the need. The questions still open guidelines the next consultation and remain distinct from the answer found.