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Public source
Labour underutilization: read LU1 through LU4
The ILO’s 2019 guide explains four complementary measures. U is unemployment, LF the labour force, T time-related underemployment and F the potential labour force. T is already in employment; F is outside the labour force.
Guide
NEET: check age, education and subsampling
The acronym alone does not define a population. Metadata for the 2024 EU-LFS youth module, certified 5 December 2025, specify scope and differences from regular series. This describes that module, not a universal 15–34 youth definition.
Guide
France Travail: seven administrative categories, not unemployment rates
Insee’s definition updated 7 April 2026 describes A–G. Historical A–E alone no longer describe the current classification: F and G were created in January 2025. These classify registered people, not the entire labour-force survey population.
Guide
Eurostat slack: four components and an extended labour force
This historical extract fixes 2024, both sexes and two age bands for the EU, Spain, France and Finland. The 40 lfsi_sla_a observations were updated 10 September 2026 and retrieved 22 October 2026. They are annual data, not the latest available quarter. Published values and flags are retained.
Guide
ISBN: distinguish edition identity from checksum validity
An ISBN identifies a publishing product: a particular title, edition and format, not every manifestation of a work. The local check follows International ISBN Agency arithmetic to detect transcription errors. It does not query allocation records or identify a book.
Guide
ISSN and ISSN-L: distinguish medium, serial and article
An ISSN identifies a continuing resource, not every article or issue. ISSN centres and national libraries distinguish medium versions. Before joining catalogues record the actual identifier type and catalogue links.
Guide
Wikidata: retain statements, qualifiers and references
A direct entity-to-value link does not carry all statement context. Wikibase RDF separates subject, statement node, qualifiers and references. This matters for dated roles, measurement methods and multiple values. Prefixes express graph roles, not trust levels.
Guide
Wikidata: truthy selects a rank, not certified truth
Truthy is a technical projection. For one entity-property pair, preferred statements exclude normal ones from that projection; otherwise normal statements are selected. This is neither automatic source voting nor latest-date selection.
Guide
Europeana EDM: distinguish object, digital resource and rights
Europeana separates the described cultural heritage object from its web representations. This prevents treating a catalogue page as an image file or one representation’s rights as universal. Class and property names follow EDM documentation checked 22 October 2026.
Guide
ORCID: inspect assertion origin and public-record limits
ORCID helps distinguish namesakes, but a record combines assertions from different origins. ORCID separates who adds an item from who connects it to the person. Holder-controlled visibility also limits what a public reader can observe.
Guide
API errors: separate Problem Details messages from HTTP status
RFC 9457, published July 2023, replaces RFC 7807. Its response body adds context without replacing HTTP status. These members are possible, not universally mandatory; incorrectly typed members are ignored under the specification.
Guide
Retry-After: respect the response without inventing a universal quota
Separate call duration from requested retry delay. RFCs 6585 and 9110 define status and Retry-After, not one quota for every service. Numeric examples below are HTTP documentation examples, not observations of a queried site.
Public source
OpenAlex paging: follow the October 2026 contract
Official documentation updated 14 October 2026 and checked 22 October specifies current limits. These rules apply to OpenAlex, not automatically Crossref or harvesting protocols. Preserve documentation vintage with extraction.
Guide
Crossref: a short page can finish traversal despite a cursor
Crossref works paging follows service rules checked 22 October 2026. Documentation uses actual returned item counts for stopping. Do not copy OpenAlex termination: field names and contracts differ.
Guide
OAI-PMH: resume harvesting without losing dates or deletions
OAI-PMH 2.0 distinguishes items, metadata formats and disseminated records. Document version 8 January 2015 defines date selection and partial-list resumption. Diagram counts are protocol examples, not measured HAL or OpenAIRE totals.
Guide
JSON Pointer: distinguish missing, zero and null
RFC 6901 addresses a value inside JSON. It is neither JSONPath nor a modification operation. The reader uses a small invented teaching document, not real observations, distinguishing resolved value, missing path and invalid syntax.
Guide
Mean and median: revisit the 90-value NIST example
COMPARE-7_1_6.DAT contains the NIST outlier demonstration’s 90 values. Ordered data were checked 22 October 2026. This is a documented teaching dataset, not an income survey or site performance measurement.
Guide
Quantiles: record the algorithm before comparing software
R documents nine sample-quantile algorithms, with type 7 as default. The NIST 90-value example interpolates at (n + 1)p. Identical files can therefore produce different quartiles without transcription errors.
Guide
Weights and missing values: preserve value-weight pairs
State whether weights represent frequency, population or another convention. A formula alone does not make data representative. R weighted.mean() documentation clarifies missing-value behavior for that function, not every library.
Guide
Spread and uncertainty: distinguish SD from standard error
Spread describes observations; estimator uncertainty describes sampling variability within a model. Sharing units does not make them interchangeable. R documents its SD denominator; NIST explains assumptions for mean intervals.
Guide
Deciles and income shares: distinguish threshold and share ratios
Insee’s 18 November 2025 publication reports these 2023 values for mainland France, ordinary housing, non-negative declared household income and a non-student reference person. Annual levels are in 2023 euros. This is a fixed publication snapshot.
Guide
Living standards: consumption units are not headcount
Insee and Eurostat describe the modified OECD scale for differing household composition. It divides disposable income by an equivalent size, accounting for conventional scale economies. This differs from survey weighting and per-person division.
Guide
COG 2026: one code does not distinguish every territorial object
France’s 1 January 2026 COG has several entity types. Insee allows a commune and delegated commune to share a code. Twenty official CSV records checked 22 October 2026 illustrate joins, not an exhaustive directory or population series.
Guide
COG events: before-after links are not just name replacement
The event file describes changes since 1943 and may use several rows for one transformation. A row is a before-after relationship, not necessarily an independent event. Historical examples in the 2026 documentation demonstrate lost information in one-to-one matching.

Choose a starting point

Choose a method

Start from a task: verify, compare, document or decide.

Check a source

Examine the origin, date, scope and limits of information.

Understand a term

Find definitions before applying a protocol.

How can I refine the search?

Start with the topic: Enter one or two specific terms: citation, CSV or provenance. Every word must be present, so a long sentence can exclude useful pages.
Broaden before filtering: Search all families first. Then select a guide, protocol or source according to the kind of answer you need.
Try different wording: Try a synonym or a term in the selected language. Quotes, OR and asterisks are not search operators.

DEEPER READING / PRACTICE

Turn internal search into a useful user journey

A query produces several close results. Reading should help to distinguish the need definition folder, detailed method and implementation tool.

Updated on 2026-10-21.

Priority checks

Formulate a specific need and then try neighboring terms. Read the descriptions and select the type of resource according to the searched step: understand, run or control.

Interpretation pitfalls

The first result is not always the best document to the context. An absence can come from the vocabulary used rather than a lack of content.

Working record to retain

A short route connects a need definition page, a guide and a checklist. Maintaining unresolved questions helps to rebuild research.

PRACTICAL CASE / WORKED EXAMPLE

A natural requirement does not match the exact title

The following case illustrates an approach to defining the need. Situations are pedagogical: they serve to examine the choices and conditions of success, without describing a fulfilled mission or announcing a guaranteed result.

Example context

A reader is looking for how to check a number, while the resources use the word indicator. The results must allow to continue despite a different formulation of the title.

Suggested approach

Try the neighboring terms and read the descriptions. Differentiate methods of calculation, comparison and verification of sources. Choose the resource that corresponds to the actually sought-by-step.

Conclusion and next step

Research becomes a path of solution. The questions still open serve to clarify the next query instead of multiplying the words without clear intention.

Questions for deeper practice

How do you improve a search without losing the initial need?

Keep the starting question and then specify the object, operation and resource type. Useful results give a complementary vocabulary, but their title should not automatically replace the reader's target.

DETAILED WORKSHOP / APPLICATION

Refine a query for the task to carry out

01 / Prepare the necessary information
Describe the initial question and the desired result. Identify the object, operation and type of resource that could help: file, method or tool.
02 / Carry out the approach
Try a formulation and read the descriptions. Release the useful terms and test the variants without giving up the intention. Compare the resources found according to their contribution to the route.
03 / Examine an alternative situation
If the results are close but too general, specify the operation or scope. A well-classed page is not necessarily the one that meets the searched step.
04 / Decide on the next step
Research is useful when it leads to a resource whose response can be identified. Open questions are used to prepare for the next consultation.
05 / Hand over the verification records
Keep a short track with request, resource and supplement. The reader can restart his work without repaired the tests that have led to useful content.

ANNOTATED WORKING DOCUMENT / REVIEW GRID

A track record from a request

The note retains question, tried formulations, useful results and next resource. It distinguishes the exploration vocabulary from the initial goal of the reader.

On a small screen, scroll the grid horizontally to read all three columns.

Example situations to assess
Observation	Supported interpretation	Next step
A resource responds to the desired operation.	The result can serve as a useful step in the course.	Keep the passage and choose the necessary supplement.
The results remain general despite the good topic.	The request must specify action, object or scope.	Try an appropriate formulation without losing the initial question.
The first result has the word but not the answer.	The presence of the term does not prove its relevance.	Read the descriptions and compare the contribution of resources.

Reviewing the working document

The final verification verifies that each step reduces an open question. A link list is not yet a useful path if the reader cannot explain what each page brings.

REPORTING / EXAMPLE WORDING

Presentation of results: Turn internal search into a useful user journey

Point to clarify

A search result must be judged according to its contribution to the searched operation.

Before handing over

Check that the track keeps the initial question despite the vocabulary variants.

Example of a qualified conclusion

The resource selected meets the described stage of the need. The questions still open guidelines the next consultation and remain distinct from the answer found.