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  1. Guide

    ARK: keep the object, authority and view reference

    The Gallica address ark:/12148/bpt6k83037p/f143 has distinct components. ARK is a persistent identifier system. The domain provides access while the assigning authority and assigned name identify an object within its namespace.

  2. Guide

    Digitised heritage: a rights statement is not a licence

    RightsStatements.org describes the rights status of cultural objects. Statements complement a provider’s detailed information; they do not license your own creations. These three codes have different meanings.

  3. Public source

    Archives: read the reference with its descriptive level

    ICA’s second edition of ISAD(G), published in 2000, supports multilevel description. Moving from general to specific distinguishes fonds context from the item actually consulted. The references below are sections of that standard.

  4. Guide

    A 1930 ownership mark does not date the book’s printing

    This reproduction shows an opening of the Library of Congress Gutenberg Bible, with provenance marks on the inside cover. It comes from WDL7782 as relayed by Wikimedia Commons. Describe the work and this copy’s history separately.

  5. Public source

    Nice 2026: distinguish digital goods from services

    The Nice Classification organises goods and services for marks. When reading a WIPO or TMview record, retain the edition, exact wording and office: a class number alone says too little about the search scope.

  6. Public source

    Locarno: read a design classification

    An image search for an industrial design can be supplemented with the Locarno Classification. These references use the fifteenth edition, effective from January 2025; they describe a classification without attributing a right to a company.

  7. Public source

    Vienna: decode a mark’s figurative elements

    Nice describes goods and services; Vienna describes figurative elements of marks. The tenth edition has applied since 1 January 2026. This example follows the classification path explained by WIPO, without reproducing a registered logo.

  8. Guide

    ST.3: country, office and international publication

    The two letters on an intellectual property document do not always identify a country. WIPO Standard ST.3 also covers organisations. These entries were checked against the August 2026 revision and must be read in their field context.

  9. Public source

    EU register: restore the scope of financial figures

    The English terms below identify headings in the EU Transparency Register guidelines. Before comparing figures, distinguish own-interest representation, services for clients and accounting periods. Register amounts are declared in euro.

  10. Public source

    HATVP: count records, objectives or contacts

    The French labels are those used in HATVP documentation. A register row does not necessarily represent a meeting. The FAQ and October 2023 practical sheet explain the reporting unit, which must be understood before actor mapping or data joins.

  11. Public source

    Sentinel-2: the 13 bands have different native spacing

    MSI acquires four bands at 10 m, six at 20 m and three at 60 m. This table describes native acquisition, not the pixel size of any export. Spectral descriptions are indicative; exact responses depend on the instrument. The diagram compares the same 60 m square extent: 36 cells at 10 m, 9 at 20 m or 1 at 60 m.

  12. Public source

    SCL: a class code is not a probability

    The Sentinel-2 L2A scene-classification mask contains codes 0 to 11. The technical names below follow the consulted Copernicus table. SCL is produced at 20 m and may be resampled; it is not a continuous land-cover measurement.

  13. Public source

    NASA GIBS: requested date, latency and displayed version

    Worldview uses GIBS visualizations. To retain an image as evidence, identify the layer and processing source, not just the selected day. These terms belong to GIBS services; their effects depend on the available layer.

  14. Guide

    NUTS 2024: Paris and Île-de-France have different scopes

    These codes and levels were checked in the GISCO NUTS 2024 file properties on 22 October 2026. They are statistical units; no population figure is attached here. GISCO’s LEVL_CODE includes the country at level 0.

  15. Public source

    OpenStreetMap: a parent version does not freeze all geometry

    Type plus identifier distinguishes OSM objects. Reconstructing a boundary at a given date requires more: geometry may depend on references to other objects whose versions evolve separately.

  16. Guide

    IGN: a GNSS height is not directly an altitude

    Two vertical values in metres can have different origins. IGN distinguishes ellipsoidal height from altitude in a vertical system. This complements horizontal-coordinate checks before comparing terrain or elevation.

  17. Public source

    Crossref: five clocks for one reference

    These names are Crossref API date filters, not five dates necessarily present in every record. Choose a filter for the question: publication, metadata receipt or index synchronization.

  18. Guide

    PubMed: follow editorial links in the right direction

    Here A is the affected article and N the editorial notice. Link codes distinguish the record receiving a notice from the record publishing it. Open both records and read the notice before describing the status.

  19. Public source

    DataCite: read a relation from the described resource

    In DataCite Schema 4.7, A is the resource whose metadata you read and B the linked resource. The relation type describes A relative to B. Diagram letters are teaching roles, not invented DOIs or datasets.

  20. Guide

    DataCite: distinguish license text, code and URI

    Schema 4.7 describes rights without confusing a license name with its standardized identifier. These fields use JSON spelling; XML differs in places, for example rightsURI.

  21. Public source

    ROR: a display name is not a certified legal name

    ROR Schema 2.1 describes several name forms. To match an older or multilingual affiliation, retain the value, type and language where stated. Do not reduce the whole record to its heading.

  22. Public source

    Zenodo: three different dates in a real record

    The poster DOI Versioning Done Right by Krzysztof Nowak, Alexandros Ioannidis, Chiara Bigarella and Lars Holm Nielsen provides a verifiable case. These values were read on the public page on 22 October 2026. The timeline orders events without a proportional duration scale.

  23. Guide

    VIES: results also depend on national scope

    VIES queries national VAT databases; it is not a standalone European register of all businesses. These references qualify the returned response without turning it into a conclusion about a partner’s existence or quality.

  24. Public source

    ORIAS: decode eight intermediary categories

    These abbreviations appear in ORIAS’s 2025 report. IAS covers insurance intermediation; IOBSP covers banking transactions and payment services. The table explains categories without assigning status to a particular professional.

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Examine the origin, date, scope and limits of information.

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Start with the topic
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Try a synonym or a term in the selected language. Quotes, OR and asterisks are not search operators.

DEEPER READING / PRACTICE

Turn internal search into a useful user journey

A query produces several close results. Reading should help to distinguish the need definition folder, detailed method and implementation tool.

Updated on .

Priority checks

Formulate a specific need and then try neighboring terms. Read the descriptions and select the type of resource according to the searched step: understand, run or control.

Interpretation pitfalls

The first result is not always the best document to the context. An absence can come from the vocabulary used rather than a lack of content.

Working record to retain

A short route connects a need definition page, a guide and a checklist. Maintaining unresolved questions helps to rebuild research.

PRACTICAL CASE / WORKED EXAMPLE

A natural requirement does not match the exact title

The following case illustrates an approach to defining the need. Situations are pedagogical: they serve to examine the choices and conditions of success, without describing a fulfilled mission or announcing a guaranteed result.

Example context

A reader is looking for how to check a number, while the resources use the word indicator. The results must allow to continue despite a different formulation of the title.

Suggested approach

Try the neighboring terms and read the descriptions. Differentiate methods of calculation, comparison and verification of sources. Choose the resource that corresponds to the actually sought-by-step.

Conclusion and next step

Research becomes a path of solution. The questions still open serve to clarify the next query instead of multiplying the words without clear intention.

Questions for deeper practice

How do you improve a search without losing the initial need?

Keep the starting question and then specify the object, operation and resource type. Useful results give a complementary vocabulary, but their title should not automatically replace the reader's target.

DETAILED WORKSHOP / APPLICATION

Refine a query for the task to carry out

  1. 01 / Prepare the necessary information

    Describe the initial question and the desired result. Identify the object, operation and type of resource that could help: file, method or tool.

  2. 02 / Carry out the approach

    Try a formulation and read the descriptions. Release the useful terms and test the variants without giving up the intention. Compare the resources found according to their contribution to the route.

  3. 03 / Examine an alternative situation

    If the results are close but too general, specify the operation or scope. A well-classed page is not necessarily the one that meets the searched step.

  4. 04 / Decide on the next step

    Research is useful when it leads to a resource whose response can be identified. Open questions are used to prepare for the next consultation.

  5. 05 / Hand over the verification records

    Keep a short track with request, resource and supplement. The reader can restart his work without repaired the tests that have led to useful content.

ANNOTATED WORKING DOCUMENT / REVIEW GRID

A track record from a request

The note retains question, tried formulations, useful results and next resource. It distinguishes the exploration vocabulary from the initial goal of the reader.

On a small screen, scroll the grid horizontally to read all three columns.

Example situations to assess
ObservationSupported interpretationNext step
A resource responds to the desired operation.The result can serve as a useful step in the course.Keep the passage and choose the necessary supplement.
The results remain general despite the good topic.The request must specify action, object or scope.Try an appropriate formulation without losing the initial question.
The first result has the word but not the answer.The presence of the term does not prove its relevance.Read the descriptions and compare the contribution of resources.

Reviewing the working document

The final verification verifies that each step reduces an open question. A link list is not yet a useful path if the reader cannot explain what each page brings.

REPORTING / EXAMPLE WORDING

Presentation of results: Turn internal search into a useful user journey

Point to clarify

A search result must be judged according to its contribution to the searched operation.

Before handing over

Check that the track keeps the initial question despite the vocabulary variants.

Example of a qualified conclusion

The resource selected meets the described stage of the need. The questions still open guidelines the next consultation and remain distinct from the answer found.