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  1. Guide

    A better mean and a worse median

    Fictional example · no measurement of this site or a client · Five lab loads are measured before and after in the same test context. The series are fictional, not a real-use distribution.

  2. Tool

    Ten results remain unknown

    Fictional case · 12 / 20 = 60% describes readable results only. Across 30 attempts, the positive share can range from 40% to about 73.33%, depending on the 10 unclassified results.

  3. Tool

    No result is readable

    Fictional case · All 12 results remain unknown: the possible range is 0–100%. The rate among readable results is undefined because its denominator is zero.

  4. Tool

    A complete record does not establish representativeness

    Fictional case · Both bounds are 30%: no result is missing in this programme. Selection of the 10 attempts and variation across other programmes still need examination.

  5. Tool

    Zero positive results among readable answers

    Fictional case · The eight readable results are negative, but two remain unknown. The positive share across all 10 attempts can still range from 0% to 20%.

  6. Tool

    Handle missing observations

    For a binary criterion fixed in advance, separate attempts, readable results and positive results among them. The calculation gives arithmetic bounds if every unreadable result could be negative or positive. It does not replace missing checks.

  7. Guide

    ECLI

    Five-part identifier for a judicial decision: prefix, country or system, court, year and identifying number. Distinct from a CELEX number.

  8. Guide

    DOCDB simple family

    Patent applications grouped by the same priorities. Declare this definition before counting families.

  9. Guide

    INPADOC extended family

    Patent applications linked through priorities, directly or indirectly. Its scope can exceed that of a simple family.

  10. Guide

    LEI: legal identity and group relationship

    GLEIF separates identity data from accounting consolidation relationships. Establishing a group relationship therefore requires more than reading the entity’s name.

  11. Public source

    EDGAR: find older filings

    The SEC assigns CIKs to filing entities and individuals. The public reading API pads this number to ten digits with leading zeros. Its main response is not necessarily the complete history.

  12. Guide

    Clinical study: five fields with different dates

    These ClinicalTrials.gov API fields belong to identificationModule and statusModule inside protocolSection. They distinguish identification, study conduct and publication; not all describe a medical event.

  13. Guide

    M49: a hierarchy without double counting

    M49 assigns three-digit numeric codes to countries or areas and geographic groupings. ISO letter codes appear alongside them but belong to another system. These are actual mappings from the consulted official table.

  14. Guide

    RDAP: attach each date to the right object

    RFC 9083 separates an event’s action, date and optional actor. Identify its object—domain, entity or another resource—before placing a date on a timeline. Events may be nested in different objects.

  15. Guide

    Europe/Paris: two instants, the same displayed time

    On 26 October 2025, two UTC instants one hour apart both map to 02:30 in Europe/Paris with different offsets. This table applies IANA tzdb 2025b rules to four real instants; it is not a fictional case.

  16. Tool

    ECB: nine historical rates to check a conversion

    These nine observations cover three selected dates in 2025 and three currencies. Extracted on 22 October 2026, this sample is fixed: it is neither a current quote, an annual average nor every day of 2025.

  17. Public source

    Companies House: period, deadline and filing are different

    The company profile and filing history are separate resources. The public companyProfile specification also separates the period covered by accounts from the next filing deadline. Do not merge them into one “accounts date”.

  18. Guide

    CPV: choose the procurement search level

    The Common Procurement Vocabulary describes what is being bought. Its main vocabulary is hierarchical; the supplementary vocabulary adds qualitative detail. X marks a position below, not an assigned code.

  19. Public source

    Find a Tender: intention to contract or contract entered into?

    For Procurement Act 2023 notices, “contract award notice” has a different function from the older notice with the same name. Cabinet Office guidance separates the announcement before entering into the contract from the later publication of its details.

  20. Public source

    USAspending: choose the key before summing

    The Federal Spending Guide separates prime awards, their transactions and sub-awards. A transaction may create or modify an award. A summary rolls up related transactions; these rows are not independent amounts to add together.

  21. Public source

    FTS: define the scope of an EU funding search

    The Commission’s official page gives two historical FTS starting points and explains that the year is when an amount was booked in the accounts. Preserve management scope, period and expenditure type.

  22. Public source

    Gallica: view 143 can be printed page 111

    BnF documentation gives a concrete mapping for bpt6k83037p: view f143 corresponds to printed page 111. This is the documentation’s published example, not a new API observation. It shows why one “page number” is insufficient.

  23. Guide

    ALTO: two confidence scales running in opposite directions

    ALTO 4.4 defines word confidence WC and character confidence CC with opposite endpoints. These are OCR metadata, not measured accuracy for your corpus.

  24. Guide

    IIIF: distinguish the page, its image and its rights

    Presentation API 3.0 organises a digitised object’s presentation. A Canvas is a virtual frame, not the image file itself. The diagram shows a typical image-painting path without assuming exactly one image per Canvas.

Choose a starting point

Check a source

Examine the origin, date, scope and limits of information.

How can I refine the search?
Start with the topic
Enter one or two specific terms: citation, CSV or provenance. Every word must be present, so a long sentence can exclude useful pages.
Broaden before filtering
Search all families first. Then select a guide, protocol or source according to the kind of answer you need.
Try different wording
Try a synonym or a term in the selected language. Quotes, OR and asterisks are not search operators.

DEEPER READING / PRACTICE

Turn internal search into a useful user journey

A query produces several close results. Reading should help to distinguish the need definition folder, detailed method and implementation tool.

Updated on .

Priority checks

Formulate a specific need and then try neighboring terms. Read the descriptions and select the type of resource according to the searched step: understand, run or control.

Interpretation pitfalls

The first result is not always the best document to the context. An absence can come from the vocabulary used rather than a lack of content.

Working record to retain

A short route connects a need definition page, a guide and a checklist. Maintaining unresolved questions helps to rebuild research.

PRACTICAL CASE / WORKED EXAMPLE

A natural requirement does not match the exact title

The following case illustrates an approach to defining the need. Situations are pedagogical: they serve to examine the choices and conditions of success, without describing a fulfilled mission or announcing a guaranteed result.

Example context

A reader is looking for how to check a number, while the resources use the word indicator. The results must allow to continue despite a different formulation of the title.

Suggested approach

Try the neighboring terms and read the descriptions. Differentiate methods of calculation, comparison and verification of sources. Choose the resource that corresponds to the actually sought-by-step.

Conclusion and next step

Research becomes a path of solution. The questions still open serve to clarify the next query instead of multiplying the words without clear intention.

Questions for deeper practice

How do you improve a search without losing the initial need?

Keep the starting question and then specify the object, operation and resource type. Useful results give a complementary vocabulary, but their title should not automatically replace the reader's target.

DETAILED WORKSHOP / APPLICATION

Refine a query for the task to carry out

  1. 01 / Prepare the necessary information

    Describe the initial question and the desired result. Identify the object, operation and type of resource that could help: file, method or tool.

  2. 02 / Carry out the approach

    Try a formulation and read the descriptions. Release the useful terms and test the variants without giving up the intention. Compare the resources found according to their contribution to the route.

  3. 03 / Examine an alternative situation

    If the results are close but too general, specify the operation or scope. A well-classed page is not necessarily the one that meets the searched step.

  4. 04 / Decide on the next step

    Research is useful when it leads to a resource whose response can be identified. Open questions are used to prepare for the next consultation.

  5. 05 / Hand over the verification records

    Keep a short track with request, resource and supplement. The reader can restart his work without repaired the tests that have led to useful content.

ANNOTATED WORKING DOCUMENT / REVIEW GRID

A track record from a request

The note retains question, tried formulations, useful results and next resource. It distinguishes the exploration vocabulary from the initial goal of the reader.

On a small screen, scroll the grid horizontally to read all three columns.

Example situations to assess
ObservationSupported interpretationNext step
A resource responds to the desired operation.The result can serve as a useful step in the course.Keep the passage and choose the necessary supplement.
The results remain general despite the good topic.The request must specify action, object or scope.Try an appropriate formulation without losing the initial question.
The first result has the word but not the answer.The presence of the term does not prove its relevance.Read the descriptions and compare the contribution of resources.

Reviewing the working document

The final verification verifies that each step reduces an open question. A link list is not yet a useful path if the reader cannot explain what each page brings.

REPORTING / EXAMPLE WORDING

Presentation of results: Turn internal search into a useful user journey

Point to clarify

A search result must be judged according to its contribution to the searched operation.

Before handing over

Check that the track keeps the initial question despite the vocabulary variants.

Example of a qualified conclusion

The resource selected meets the described stage of the need. The questions still open guidelines the next consultation and remain distinct from the answer found.