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  1. Dossier

    LLMO & citations in AI answers

    Guide to LLMO, AI citations, generative visibility measurement and answer reliability by Alexis Roux ZG.

  2. Protocol

    AI citation observatory

    A repeatable protocol for tracking generative answers, cited sources, errors and differences between interfaces.

  3. Guide

    Measure uncertainty in an AI citation rate

    Separate observed rate, sample size and statistical uncertainty when interpreting an AI answer observatory.

  4. Scenario

    Inaccurate AI citation

    An assistant attributes incorrect information, merges entities or cites a secondary source when a direct reference exists.

  5. Dossier

    Interpret an AI citation within its limits

    DEEPER READING / PRACTICE

  6. Tool

    Create a citation record for an evolving resource

    DETAILED WORKSHOP / APPLICATION

  7. Services

    AI citation tracking protocol

    What to prepare : Question panel, planned repetitions, surfaces and definition of a valid citation. Delivery to agree : Repeatable protocol, observation log and citation comparison rules.

  8. Guide

    Worked exercise · A correction changes the result, not every citation

    Fictional example: the values and documents teach the method and do not describe a real organisation. The correction notice replaces the denominator. The secondary record has not yet incorporated the change.

  9. Guide

    Worked exercise · Four unreadable answers are not four missing citations

    Fictional example: the values and documents teach the method and do not describe a real organisation. Panel categories are disjoint. An unreadable answer is not an observed absence of citation.

  10. Protocol

    AI citation observatory · Review before deciding

    Are inaccessible or unreadable answers separated from missing citations? Report counts and the denominator rule.

  11. Guide

    Verify a citation produced by AI

    A response contains a number, attribution or reference. Start with the exact claim, find the document and bound what it supports. A claim linked to a passage and version, with a bounded conclusion and outstanding checks.

  12. Dossier

    Is special markup required for citations in Google Search AI features?

    Google’s documentation does not require markup specific to these features. Check access, indexability and content quality; none of these checks guarantees a citation.

  13. Tool

    Filled fictional excerpt · AI citation observatory

    Separate citation presence from support for the claim. Do not count this as a verified answer. Read the final destination, retain the passage and repeat the question under documented conditions.

  14. Tool

    Relevant citation · View a worked decision

    Fictional observation : The assistant cites an accessible page, but the passage says 2023 while the answer claims 2024. Retain the answer, URL and conflicting passage. A present citation is not counted as a faithful citation.

  15. Guide

    A citation per answer does not verify every claim

    Fictional example · no measurement of this site or a client · Four answers contain six checkable claims. Three answers cite a source; passage review supports four of six claims.

  16. Dossier

    Field guides

    Practical guides to SEO, GEO, AI citations, structured data, agent evaluation and editorial maintenance.

  17. Dossier

    SEO, GEO & AI visibility measurement

    Measurement protocol for SEO, GEO, LLMO, AI citations and entity accuracy by Alexis Roux ZG.

  18. Platform

    Claude

    The help describes search indicators and citations. It also distinguishes interfaces with a Web search control from a newer experience where search is triggered when helpful.

  19. Platform

    Perplexity

    The overview describes conversational search with citations and multiple possible models. References make checking easier, but their quality and relevance require separate assessment.

  20. Public source

    OpenAlex

    Explore open metadata for scholarly works, authors, institutions and citation links.

  21. Public source

    Crossref Metadata Search

    Search metadata deposited with Crossref by DOI, title, author or citation.

  22. Public source

    PubMed

    Find biomedical and life-sciences citations and abstracts, then follow full-text links where available.

  23. Guide

    Verify a redirect and a domain change

    Find a citation’s useful destination, preserve context and distinguish migration, login and error.

  24. Tool

    Record and compare search observations

    Method for recording search observations: scope, response, citation, source and limits.

Choose a starting point

Check a source

Examine the origin, date, scope and limits of information.

How can I refine the search?
Start with the topic
Enter one or two specific terms: citation, CSV or provenance. Every word must be present, so a long sentence can exclude useful pages.
Broaden before filtering
Search all families first. Then select a guide, protocol or source according to the kind of answer you need.
Try different wording
Try a synonym or a term in the selected language. Quotes, OR and asterisks are not search operators.

DEEPER READING / PRACTICE

Turn internal search into a useful user journey

A query produces several close results. Reading should help to distinguish the need definition folder, detailed method and implementation tool.

Updated on .

Priority checks

Formulate a specific need and then try neighboring terms. Read the descriptions and select the type of resource according to the searched step: understand, run or control.

Interpretation pitfalls

The first result is not always the best document to the context. An absence can come from the vocabulary used rather than a lack of content.

Working record to retain

A short route connects a need definition page, a guide and a checklist. Maintaining unresolved questions helps to rebuild research.

PRACTICAL CASE / WORKED EXAMPLE

A natural requirement does not match the exact title

The following case illustrates an approach to defining the need. Situations are pedagogical: they serve to examine the choices and conditions of success, without describing a fulfilled mission or announcing a guaranteed result.

Example context

A reader is looking for how to check a number, while the resources use the word indicator. The results must allow to continue despite a different formulation of the title.

Suggested approach

Try the neighboring terms and read the descriptions. Differentiate methods of calculation, comparison and verification of sources. Choose the resource that corresponds to the actually sought-by-step.

Conclusion and next step

Research becomes a path of solution. The questions still open serve to clarify the next query instead of multiplying the words without clear intention.

Questions for deeper practice

How do you improve a search without losing the initial need?

Keep the starting question and then specify the object, operation and resource type. Useful results give a complementary vocabulary, but their title should not automatically replace the reader's target.

DETAILED WORKSHOP / APPLICATION

Refine a query for the task to carry out

  1. 01 / Prepare the necessary information

    Describe the initial question and the desired result. Identify the object, operation and type of resource that could help: file, method or tool.

  2. 02 / Carry out the approach

    Try a formulation and read the descriptions. Release the useful terms and test the variants without giving up the intention. Compare the resources found according to their contribution to the route.

  3. 03 / Examine an alternative situation

    If the results are close but too general, specify the operation or scope. A well-classed page is not necessarily the one that meets the searched step.

  4. 04 / Decide on the next step

    Research is useful when it leads to a resource whose response can be identified. Open questions are used to prepare for the next consultation.

  5. 05 / Hand over the verification records

    Keep a short track with request, resource and supplement. The reader can restart his work without repaired the tests that have led to useful content.

ANNOTATED WORKING DOCUMENT / REVIEW GRID

A track record from a request

The note retains question, tried formulations, useful results and next resource. It distinguishes the exploration vocabulary from the initial goal of the reader.

On a small screen, scroll the grid horizontally to read all three columns.

Example situations to assess
ObservationSupported interpretationNext step
A resource responds to the desired operation.The result can serve as a useful step in the course.Keep the passage and choose the necessary supplement.
The results remain general despite the good topic.The request must specify action, object or scope.Try an appropriate formulation without losing the initial question.
The first result has the word but not the answer.The presence of the term does not prove its relevance.Read the descriptions and compare the contribution of resources.

Reviewing the working document

The final verification verifies that each step reduces an open question. A link list is not yet a useful path if the reader cannot explain what each page brings.

REPORTING / EXAMPLE WORDING

Presentation of results: Turn internal search into a useful user journey

Point to clarify

A search result must be judged according to its contribution to the searched operation.

Before handing over

Check that the track keeps the initial question despite the vocabulary variants.

Example of a qualified conclusion

The resource selected meets the described stage of the need. The questions still open guidelines the next consultation and remain distinct from the answer found.